![]() Several medications are available for the symptomatic treatment of narcolepsy, all of which have quite good efficacy and safety profiles. Diagnosis of narcolepsy encompasses clinical, electrophysiological and biological evaluations, but simpler and faster procedures are needed. However, direct evidence in support of the autoimmune hypothesis is currently unavailable. The pathogenesis of narcolepsy type 1 is hypothesized to be the autoimmune destruction of the hypocretin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus this hypothesis is supported by immune-related genetic and environmental factors associated with the disease. Two subtypes of narcolepsy have been described (narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2), both of which have similar clinical profiles, except for the presence of cataplexy, which occurs only in patients with narcolepsy type 1. Problems faced by patients with narcolepsy include social stigma associated with this disease, difficulties in obtaining an education and keeping a job, a reduced quality of life and socioeconomic consequences. Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that has a typical onset in adolescence and is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, which can have severe consequences for the patient. 9 Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.8 Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.7 Sleep Unit, Narcolepsy Reference Center, Department of Neurology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, INSERM 1061, Montpellier, France.6 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, AUSL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.5 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.4 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. ![]() 3 Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.2 Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.1 Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Forskerparken, Nordre RingGlostrup, Denmark. ![]()
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